发展绿色生态农业推进农业产业化结构调整

现今绿色生态农业受到了更多的关注，其在实际中可以有效的提升农产品的安全，并保证在 农业发展中的生态效益。而农业产业化是现代农业发展的主要方向之一，其在实际中以市场为导向 来对产业结构进行调整，从而在农业产业中可以建立起一体化的经营体系。为此可以结合绿色生态 农业所具备的发展优势来推动农业产业化结构的调整，促使其形成一条绿色、健康、完善农业产业结 构，实现进一步提升农业产业效益的目的。     

FT-Raman and FT-IR studies of the gluten structure as a result of model dough supplementation with chosen oil pomaces

The pomaces obtained after cold pressing oil production from oil seeds can be regarded as a source of many valuable nutrients such as unsaturated fatty acids, dietary fibre and antioxidants. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of five oil pomaces from black seed, hemp, pumpkin, milk thistle and primrose on the structure of gluten proteins. The model dough was supplemented with 3%, 6%, and 9% of the pomaces. Structural changes in gluten proteins were studied using Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Additionally, chemical composition of the pomaces was determined. Changes observed in the gluten structure resulting from the model dough supplementation with oil pomaces allow the pomace to be divided into two groups depending on the type and amount of fatty acids present in the pomaces. If the pomace contains a low number of fatty acids (black seed and pumpkin), pseudo-β-sheets are formed from β-turns and antiparallel-β-sheets in the gluten network. If the pomace contains a high number of fatty acids, non-aggregated β-structures are observed. Although the pomaces contain considerable amount of dietary fibre and polyphenols, comparison of the observed structural changes in gluten network with pomaces’ chemical composition indicates that the changes are connected with presence of fatty acids.     

Characteristics of grain quality and starch fine structure of japonica rice kernels following preharvest sprouting

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the most serious defects that impacts rice production and grain quality. Knowledge about the effects of PHS on the eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of milled rice is limited. Here, we selected four japonica rice varieties to study the influences of PHS on grain quality. The results showed that PHS strongly led to poor grain appearance and the development of small starch granules whose surfaces were eroded. Analysis of starch fine structure revealed that PHS resulted in amylose (AM) degradation; in particular, PHS caused a decrease in the content of long AM chains. Moreover, PHS led to a decrease in the content of short amylopectin (AP) chains in the varieties Yandao 815 (YD815), Wuyugeng 27 (WY27) and Yangeng 13 (YG13), while the variety Sidao 785 (SD785) displayed the opposite trend. We propose that the main reasons for the decrease in starch crystallinity and the pasting profiles of the germinated rice were due to both the tendency of the AM content to decrease and the degree of this decrease in the content of the different AM chains along with changes in AP and other major components. All these changes caused by PHS led to a decrease in both ECQ and palatability of milled rice.     

Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy to detect moist heating induced carbohydrates structure changes in cool-climate adapted barley grain

There is limited research to study how moist heating affects internal structure of barley grain on a molecular basis. The objectives of this study were to use vibrational molecular spectroscopy: 1) to determine the moist heating induced changes of barley carbohydrate (CHO) structure on a molecular basis, 2) to study the effects of moist heating on CHO chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) subfractions, in situ rumen degradation, and predicted intestinal carbohydrate supply of barley grain; and 3) to reveal the association between molecular structure spectral features and CHO related metabolic characteristics. Barley samples (CDC cowboy) were collected from Kernen Crop Research Farm (Saskatoon, Canada) during two consecutive years. Half of each sample was kept as raw barley and the other half underwent moist heating (autoclaving at 120 °C for 60 min). The molecular spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared, ATR-FTIR) was used to detect the barley CHO related molecular structure spectral features. Moist heating did not affect carbohydrate related chemical profiles and CNCPS subfractions but it decreased rumen degradable carbohydrate. Rumen undegradable and intestinal digestion of CHO subfractions were not affected by moist heating. The advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy can be used to detect carbohydrate molecular spectral features. Nutrient utilization prediction using molecular spectral characteristics is warranted and further investigation is encouraged.     

间作木薯对橡胶树根际土壤真菌群落结构的影响

研究间作木薯对橡胶树根际土壤真菌群落多样性变化规律,为判断胶园间作木薯的可行性提供理论支撑。以橡胶与木薯间作为处理,橡胶单作为对照,采用传统方法和高通量测序技术分析橡胶树根际土壤理化性状及真菌群落结构。结果表明：（1）间作模式下橡胶树根际土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量和真菌Shannon指数显著降低,真菌Simpson指数显著提高,pH和Chao1指数虽有降低,但差异未达到显著水平;（2）门分类水平上,2个处理的橡胶树根际土壤真菌群落结构组成相近,共有的3大优势菌门均为Ascomycota、Zygomycota和Basidiomycota。间作木薯降低了橡胶树根际土壤中Zygomycota和Basidiomycota的相对丰度,但提高了Ascomycota相对丰度,达到91.54%;（3）属分类水平上,2个处理中相对丰度比例前10的优势菌属占所有检测出菌属的61.30%~65.59%,间作木薯提高了橡胶根际土壤中Phyllosticta、Gibberella和Lecythophora的相对丰度;（4）土壤碱解N、速效P和速效K含量对橡胶树根际土壤中真菌群落α-多样性产生影响,土壤真菌多样性变化与土壤有机质含量有关。因此,间作木薯增加了植物对土壤矿质营养元素的吸收,导致橡胶树根际土壤肥力下降,进一步降低了橡胶树根际土壤真菌的群落多样性,同时增加了病原真菌的丰度。     

番茄/茄子嫁接对其根际土壤生物学性状及细菌群落结构的影响

以茄子作为砧木，番茄为接穗进行嫁接，并以番茄自根植株和茄子自根植株作为对照，基于传统及现代高通量测序技术分析根际土壤的生物学性状及细菌群落结构特征，旨在揭示嫁接植株抗性增强的机制。结果表明：番茄/茄子嫁接植株根际土壤中可培养细菌、放线菌数量，微生物生物量、酶活性和细菌丰富度、多样性指数均显著高于茄子和番茄自根植株；另一方面，norank_c_Acidobacteria、硝化螺菌属（Nitrospira）、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、norank_f_Gemmatimonadaceae、norank_o_Gaiellales、norank_f_Xanthobacteraceae、norank_o_SC-I-84、norank_f_Anaerolineaceae、norank_f_Nitrosomonadaceae、鞘脂单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）细菌是嫁接植株与茄子、番茄自根植株根际土壤中的共有优势细菌属；g_unclassified_o_Ignavibacteriales 、 醋酸杆菌属（ g_Acetobacter ）、g_norank_f_Longimicrobiaceae 、g_unclassified_f_Verrucomicrobiaceae、g_norank_p_FBP、g_norank_p_Aminicenantes 属细菌是嫁接植株根际土壤的特有优势细菌属。与自根植株相比，番茄/茄子嫁接植株根际土壤存在更高可培养微生物数量，微生物生物量和相关酶活性，具有更高的土壤养分有效性，同时拥有不同占比的共有优势细菌门属，尤其拥有更为丰富的微生物可操作分类单元（operational taxonomic units，OTU）和特有 OTU 数量，这是嫁接植株抗性增强的主要原因。     

中国板栗238份品种（系）叶片形态、解剖结构及其抗旱性评价

采用多功能图像分析法、冷冻切片法和指甲油印记法，对238份板栗品种（系）叶片的形态、解剖结构及气孔特征进行了观察测量，运用变异系数、主成分分析对33项指标进行了筛选，后运用隶属函数法进行抗旱性综合评价。结果表明：（1）238份板栗品种（系）33项指标中除上表皮角质层厚度、上表皮细胞宽度、第一层栅栏组织细胞密度、第一层栅栏组织细胞宽、下表皮细胞宽度和下表皮角质层厚等6项指标的变异系数小于10%，各品种系（间）差异较小外，其余27项指标的变异系数均大于10%，在各品种（系）间差异较大；经主成分分析从27项指标中筛选出10项作为238份板栗品种（系）抗旱性综合评价的典型指标。（2）利用隶属函数分析将238份品种（系）划分为4类：第Ⅰ类包括31个品种（系），平均隶属值为0.60 ~ 0.80，抗旱性极强；第Ⅱ类包括48个品种（系），平均隶属值为0.50 ~ 0.59，抗旱性强；第Ⅲ类包括84个品种（系），平均隶属值为0.30 ~ 0.49，抗旱性中；第Ⅳ类包括75个品种（系），平均隶属值为0.20 ~ 0.29，抗旱性弱。     

杜仲杂种优良无性系抗旱性间接评价

以7个杜仲无性系22-22、2-23、4-30、17-17、2-32、6-30、5-152和2个对照品种（无性系）秦仲2号（Qinzhong No.2）、龙拐（Longguai）为对象，以其2年生嫁接苗成熟叶片为材料，采用常规石蜡切片法研究叶片解剖结构、扫描电镜技术观察气孔结构和压力室技术测定水分生理指标，用主成分分析法筛选主要指标，用隶属函数法对各无性系抗旱性进行对比分析。结果表明，共筛选出栅栏组织厚度、原初渗透势、气孔开度、厚角组织厚度4项主要指标，12项解剖结构参数、5项水分生理指数和5项气孔参数，均在无性系间差异显著，无性系抗旱性排序为:6-30>4-30>龙拐>秦仲2号>17-17>5-152>22-22>2-23>2-32。研究结果可对进一步筛选杜仲优良无性系提供参考依据。     

优化栽培措施对春玉米密植群体冠层结构及产量形成的调控效应

【目的】研究春玉米密植群体优化栽培模式下冠层结构特征,并探索其对冠层生产的调控机制及对产量提高的贡献。【方法】以耐密高产品种“中单909”为试验材料,设置105 000 株/hm²种植密度,采用深松（S）、宽窄行（W）及化控（C）的组合,形成4种根-冠优化栽培模式：（1）传统模式（旋耕20 cm,60 cm等行距,RU）,（2）耕层优化模式（深松耕作35 cm,60 cm等行距,SU）,（3）冠层优化模式（传统旋耕20 cm,80 cm+40 cm宽窄行,叶面喷施磷酸胆碱合剂ECK,RWC）,（4）综合优化模式（深松耕作35 cm,80 cm+40 cm宽窄行,叶面喷施磷酸胆碱合剂ECK,SWC）。比较不同栽培模式下冠层大田切片（垂直）、群体光分布、光合性能、蔗糖合成酶活性及籽粒灌浆的差异。【结果】相较于常规栽培模式（RU）,耕层优化模式（SU）的玉米冠层叶片干物质增加,冠层优化模式（RWC,SWC）下密植群体株高和穗位高降低30 cm以上,但群体整齐度下降明显;RWC和SWC处理,叶片垂直分布似“纺锤型”更为均匀,垂直高度180—240 cm的光能截获相比传统模式显著降低8%—37%,而穗位以下（120—180 cm）相比传统模式提高44%—129%;RU和SU处理呈现“漏斗型”株型特征,叶片集中分布在冠层顶部。根-冠协同优化可改良高密玉米群体冠层垂直结构,显著提高穗位及穗下叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率,增加穗位叶蔗糖磷酸合酶（SPS）和蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性,维持生育后期冠层叶片的生理活性,延长干物质活跃积累期10 d以上。【结论】综合优化模式（SWC）改变冠层干物质空间分布,增加了密植群体中下部光能截获和光合碳代谢能力,促进了花后冠层物质生产及籽粒灌浆,显著增加玉米籽粒产量。     

养殖大鳞鲃发病死亡F_3个体的微卫星标记分析

采用24个已报道的多态微卫星标记对天津市天祥水产有限责任公司养殖的大鳞鲃Barbus capito F_2亲本及F_3成活和病发死亡个体进行基因分型,结果有8个标记无多态,13个标记用以分析本研究群体的遗传多样性、亲缘关系及遗传结构。遗传参数分析显示,13个标记在87个大鳞鲃个体中分别检测到2~7个等位基因,平均等位基因数(4.27~4.53)极显著高于平均有效等位基因数(3.09~3.22)(P0.01);观察杂合度(0.58~0.64)整体低于期望杂合度(0.64~0.65),多态位点比例明显下降(8/24),表明大鳞鲃F2及F_3个体的纯合度增加,遗传多样性下降。聚类分析显示,F2亲本与成活子代亲缘关系更近,聚在一起;而死亡子代单独聚为1支。遗传结构分析显示,亲本与子代清晰地划分成两大类群,多数亲本与多数成活个体归为第一类群(划分概率为51.8%~97.7%),少数亲本与多数死亡个体归为第二类群(划分概率为52.9%~98.4%),这与亲缘关系分析的结果一致,表明少数亲本是F_3死亡个体遗传组成的直接贡献者。本研究初步认定,由于几个亲本的近亲交配,子代基因组纯合度增加,遗传多样性下降,抗逆性下降,这可能是F_3出现不明缘由病发死亡的主要原因之一。